Retraction Note: Presence of viral spike protein and vaccinal spike protein in the blood serum of patients with long-COVID syndrome.

The article "Presence of viral spike protein and vaccinal spike protein in the blood serum of patients with long-COVID syndrome", by K. Dhuli, M.C. Medori, C. Micheletti, K. Donato, F. Fioretti, A. Calzoni, A. Praderio, M.G. De Angelis, G. Arabia, S. Cristoni, S. Nodari, M. Bertelli, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 13-19-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34685-PMID: 38112944 has been retracted by the Editor in Chief for the following reasons. Following some concerns raised on PubPeer, the Editor in Chief has started an investigation to assess the validity of the results. The outcome of the investigation revealed that the manuscript presented major flaws in the following: -       Unclear methodology and patient recruitment -       Discrepancies among data reported in the text and tables -       Unreliable results -       Undeclared conflict of interest Consequently, the Editor in Chief mistrusts the results presented and has decided to withdraw the article. The authors disagree with this retraction. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34685.

Author Correction: Genetic variants identified in novel candidate genes for anorexia nervosa and analysis of molecular pathways for diagnostic applications.

Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 77-88-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34692 After publication and following some post-publication concerns, the authors have applied the following corrections to the galley proof. The conflict of interest section has been amended as follows: K. Donato is employee at MAGI EUREGIO and MAGISNAT. G. Marceddu is employee at MAGI EUREGIO. M. Bertelli is president of MAGI EUREGIO, MAGISNAT, and MAGI's LAB. M.C. Medori, A. Macchia, S. Cecchin, C. Micheletti, K. Dhuli, G. Madeo, G. Bonetti are employees at MAGI's LAB. M. Bertelli, M.R. Ceccarini, and P. Chiurazzi are patent inventors (US20220362260A11). M. Bertelli, P.E. Maltese, G. Marceddu, and S. Cecchin are patent inventors (US20230173003A1). M. Bertelli, K. Dhuli, and P.E. Maltese are patent inventors (WO2022079498A1). M. Bertelli, K. Donato, M.C. Medori, M.R. Ceccarini, T. Beccari, P. Chiurazzi, C. Micheletti, K. Dhuli, G. Bonetti, G. Marceddu are patent applicants (Application Number: 18/466.879). The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. Since the current study shares the same NGS panel for the genetic analysis as the study cited in Ref. 5 (Ceccarini MR, Precone V, Manara E, Paolacci S, Maltese PE, Benfatti V, Dhuli K, Donato K, Guerri G, Marceddu G, Chiurazzi P, Dalla Ragione L, Beccari T, Bertelli M. A next generation sequencing gene panel for use in the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27: 1869-1880), the authors amend the following sentence: "A subset comprising 163 genes from a dedicated Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel was analyzed5" in "A subset comprising 163 genes from a dedicated Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel, previously used in the study by Ceccarini et al5, was analyzed". The authors clarify that the analyzed patients of the two articles are completely independent. To clarify the data reported in Table II, the authors amend the following sentence: "Genetic variants identified in the AN population are reported in Table II." In "The genomic sequencing NGS was performed in all 135 patients recruited in the study. After obtaining the raw data, based on the ACMG guidelines (https://www.acmg.net/ACMG/Medical-Genetics-Practice-Resources/Practice-Guidelines.aspx), the results were filtered, and Table II reports the variants considered Pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), and Variable with Uncertain Significance (VUS), 61 patients in total". Consequently, to improve clarity, the legend of Table II has been amended as follows: Genetic variants identified in 61 patients out of the total 135 patients analyzed by NGS. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34692.

Author Correction: Achievement of sustainable development goals through the Mediterranean diet.

Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27 (6 Suppl): 89-99-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34693 After publication and following some post-publication concerns, the authors have applied the following corrections to the galley proof. -       The conflict of interest section has been amended as follows: M.C. Medori and D. Malacarne are employees at MAGI'S LAB. K. Donato is employee at MAGI EUREGIO and MAGISNAT. M. Bertelli is president of MAGI EUREGIO, MAGISNAT, and MAGI's LAB. E. Borghetti is president at AERSAFE srl. C. Zuccato is researcher at AERSAFE srl. E. Borghetti is patent inventor (IT202100021344A1, IT202100020330A1, WO2021260537A1, WO2022259165A1). M. Bertelli is patent inventor (US20220362260A1, US20230173003A1, WO2022079498A1). D. Malacarne is patent inventor (WO2022079498A1; US20230173003A1). S. Michelini is patent inventor (US20220362260A1). M. Bertelli, S. Michelini, and K. Donato are patent applicants (Application Number: 18/516,241). M. Bertelli and K. Donato are patent applicants (Application Number: 18/466.879). M. Bertelli, K. Donato, and S. Michelini are patent applicants (Application Number: 63/495,155). The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/34693.

Presence of viral spike protein and vaccinal spike protein in the blood serum of patients with long-COVID syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 patients experience, in 10-20% of the cases, a prolonged long-COVID syndrome, defined as the persistence of symptoms for at least two months after the infection. The underlying biological mechanisms of this syndrome remain poorly understood. Several hypotheses have been proposed, among which are the potential autoimmunity resulting from molecular mimicry between viral spike protein and human proteins, the reservoir and viral reproduction hypothesis, and the viral integration hypothesis. Although official data state that vaccinal spike protein is harmless and remains at the site of infection, several studies proposed spike protein toxicity and found it in blood circulation several months after the vaccination. To search for the presence of viral and vaccine spike protein in a cohort of long-COVID patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, we employed a proteomic-based approach utilizing mass spectrometry to analyze the serum of 81 patients with long-COVID syndrome. Moreover, viral integration in patients' leukocytes was assessed with a preliminary study, without further investigation. RESULTS: We identified the presence of the viral spike protein in one patient after infection clearance and negativity of COVID-19 test and the vaccine spike protein in two patients two months after the vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: This study, in agreement with other published investigations, demonstrates that both natural and vaccine spike protein may still be present in long-COVID patients, thus supporting the existence of a possible mechanism that causes the persistence of spike protein in the human body for much longer than predicted by early studies. According to these results, all patients with long-COVID syndrome should be analyzed for the presence of vaccinal and viral spike protein.

Achievement of sustainable development goals through the Mediterranean diet.

The prosperity of our planet relies on the cardinal concept of sustainable development. The dietary choices of humans play a pivotal role in creating a peaceful and contented world. In this context, the Mediterranean diet (MD) has emerged as a valuable approach to accomplishing such progress, wherein the rights of all living beings are equally honored. This review aims to analyze the significance of a plant-based diet, particularly the Mediterranean diet, in attaining sustainable development goals. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted to gather the most reliable and published scientific evidence from books and papers. Within this research endeavor, specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are individually addressed in relation to the adoption of the Mediterranean diet as a foundational nutritional paradigm. Our research findings underscore the immense importance of the MD and advocate for its worldwide implementation to accomplish sustainable development objectives. The MD emerges as the most suitable dietary option for fostering sustainability and tranquility in our world. It is crucial to prioritize the global implementation of the MD to genuinely achieve sustainable development.

Genetic variants identified in novel candidate genes for anorexia nervosa and analysis of molecular pathways for diagnostic applications.

OBJECTIVE: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a relentless pursuit of thinness, and a distorted body image. Recent research highlights the substantial contribution of genetics to AN's etiology, with genes like BDNF, SLC6A4, and DRD2 implicated. However, a comprehensive genetic test for AN diagnosis is lacking. This study aims to elucidate the biological foundations of AN, examining variants in genes associated with syndromic forms, rare variants in AN patients, and candidate genes from GWAS studies, murine models, or established molecular pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 135 AN patients from Italy, diagnosed based on DSM-V criteria. A specialized Next-Generation Sequencing panel targeting 163 genes was designed. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq System, and variants were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Data on clinical parameters, exercise habits, and AN types were collected. RESULTS: The AN cohort, predominantly female, exhibited diverse clinical characteristics. Our analysis identified gene variants associated with syndromic forms of AN, such as STRA6, NF1, MAT1A, and ABCC6. Variants were also found in known AN-related genes (CD36, DRD4, GCKR, GHRL, GRIN3B, GPR55, LEPR) and in other 16 candidate genes (A2M, AEBP1, ABHD4, ACBD7, CNTNAP, GFRAL, GRIN2D, LIPE, LMNA, NMU, PDE3B, POMC, RYR1, TNXB, TYK2, VPS13B), highlighting the complexity of AN's genetic landscape. The endocannabinoid and dopamine pathways play crucial roles. Skeletal muscle-related genes and appetite-regulating hormones also revealed potential connections. Adipogenesis-related genes suggest AN's association with subcutaneous adipose tissue deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides comprehensive insights into the genetic underpinnings of AN, emphasizing the importance of multiple pathways. The identified variants contribute.

The potential preventive role of a dietary supplement containing hydroxytyrosol in COVID-19: a multi-center study.

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 is a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged as a global pandemic in 2019. Its main symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, and, in severe cases, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and organ failure, which can be life-threatening. Various therapies have been proposed for treating COVID-19, among which antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies, but natural molecules have gained attention for their potential antiviral properties against various viral infections, including COVID-19. The use of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a polyphenol from the olive tree possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties, has been proposed to reduce COVID-19 infection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 443 subjects were recruited from four centers, located in Albania, Germany, and Italy (Milan and Trento provinces). The participants were randomly assigned to receive either the dietary supplement containing HT or a placebo for a duration of one month. RESULTS: Analysis of the study data revealed that, among the subjects who tested positive for COVID-19 during the study, 36% belonged to the group that received the dietary supplement containing HT, while 64% belonged to the placebo group. The difference was statistically significant. These findings suggest that the use of a dietary supplement containing HT may have a possible preventive effect against COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS: The study's results indicate that the dietary supplement containing HT shows promise as a possible preventive measure against COVID-19 infection. Large-scale, randomized clinical trials and animal studies could be useful to provide more definitive conclusions on HT's possible potential preventive effects against COVID-19, which could potentially supplement existing therapies and contribute to fighting COVID-19 infection.

Autoantibodies detection in patients affected by autoimmune retinopathies.

OBJECTIVE: Autoimmune retinopathies (ARs) encompass a spectrum of immune diseases that are characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against retinal proteins in the bloodstream. These autoantibodies (AAbs) lead to a progressive and sometimes rapid loss of vision. ARs commonly affect subjects over 50 years of age, but also rare cases of kids under 3 years of age have been reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 47 unrelated Caucasian patients were enrolled. All subjects showed negative cancer diagnoses and negative results in their genetic screenings. We studied 8 confirmed retinal antigens using Western blotting analysis, with α-enolase followed by carbonic anhydrase II being the two most frequently found in the patients' sera. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were positive (40.4%), thirteen uncertain (27.7%), and fifteen were negative (31.9%). Their gender did not correlate with the presence of AAbs (p=0.409). CONCLUSIONS: AAbs are responsible for retinal degeneration in some cases, while in others, they contribute to exacerbating the progression of the disease; however, their detection is crucial to reaching a better diagnosis and developing more effective treatments for these conditions. Moreover, finding good biomarkers is important not only for AR monitoring and prognosis, but also for helping with early cancer diagnosis.

Metabolomic profiling of amino acid alterations in anorexia nervosa: implications for appetite regulation and therapeutic strategies.

OBJECTIVE: Anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe psychiatric disorder primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, is characterized by extreme dietary restriction and distorted body image. While the psychological aspects of AN are well-documented, its intricate metabolic underpinnings remain less explored. We think that metabolomic analysis of hair samples emerges as a promising tool to unveil the complex physiological alterations in AN. This study aims to comprehensively profile amino acid concentrations in hair samples from AN patients and healthy controls. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate potential correlations between amino acid alterations and appetite dysregulation in AN, thereby shedding light on the physiological basis of this debilitating disorder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 25 AN patients and 25 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for this study. Hair samples were collected, and metabolites were extracted and analyzed using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clinical data and biochemical markers were also gathered to characterize participants' demographic and clinical profiles. RESULTS: Metabolomic analysis revealed significant alterations in amino acid concentrations in AN patients compared to healthy controls. Notably, deficiencies in essential amino acids (EAAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were observed, highlighting potential contributors to muscle wasting and appetite dysregulation. Further analysis identified specific amino acids as robust biomarkers capable of distinguishing AN patients with high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: This study unveils the complex metabolic disturbances associated with AN and underscores the role of amino acid dysregulation in the disorder's pathophysiology. The identified biomarkers hold promise for diagnostic screening and potential therapeutic interventions, opening avenues for personalized approaches in AN treatment. Ultimately, this research contributes to our understanding of chronic disorders through the lens of metabolomics and the chemosensory underpinnings of appetite regulation.

Linking pathogenic and likely pathogenic gene variants to long-COVID symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Long-COVID is a clinical syndrome characterized by the presence of symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection that persist for at least four weeks after recovery from COVID-19. Genetics have been proposed to play an important role in long-COVID syndrome onset. This study aimed to identify genetic pathogenetic and likely pathogenetic causative variants of Mendelian genetic diseases in patients with Long-COVID syndrome. Additionally, we aimed to establish an association between these genetic variants and the clinical symptoms manifested during long-COVID syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 95 patients affected by long-COVID syndrome were analyzed with a Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel comprising 494 genes. The analyzed genes and the symptoms of the patients collected with an ad-hoc questionnaire were divided into four groups (cardiological, respiratory, immunological, and neurological). Finally, a statistical analysis comprising descriptive statistics, classification based on reported symptoms, and comparative analysis against a control group of healthy individuals was conducted. RESULTS: 12 patients resulted positive for genetic testing with an autosomal dominance (8) or autosomal recessive (4) inheritance, showing a higher prevalence of cardiovascular genetic diseases (9) in the analyzed cohort compared to the normal population. Moreover, the onset of the long-COVID syndrome and its cardiovascular manifestations was compliant with the onset reported in the literature for the identified genetic diseases, suggesting that COVID-19 could manifest late-onset genetic diseases associated with their appearance. Apart from the 12 positive patients, 57 were healthy carriers of genetic diseases. Analyzing the whole cohort, a statistical correlation between prevalent symptomatology and the gene class was established, suggesting an association between the genetic susceptibility of an individual and the possibility of developing specific long-COVID syndrome symptoms, especially cardiovascular symptoms. Furthermore, 17 genetic variants were identified in CFTR. Finally, we identified genetic variants in IFNAR2 and POLG, supporting their respective involvement in inflammation and mitochondria mechanisms, correlated with long-COVID syndrome according to literature data. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposed COVID-19 to act as a manifest of underlying late-onset genetic diseases Mendelian associated with carrier status. Moreover, according to our results, mutations in cardiological genes are more present in patients who show cardiological symptoms during the syndrome. This underscores the necessity for cardiological investigation and genetic screening in long-COVID patients to address existing or potential clinical implications.

Autoantibodies in patients with post-COVID syndrome: a possible link with severity?

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 is an infectious disease associated with the respiratory system caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Right now, an increasing number of patients with Post-COVID Syndrome show, without clear evidence of organ dysfunction, a plethora of severe symptoms, such as fatigue, pain, shortness of breath, cognitive impairment, and sleep disturbance. It has already been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 virus can disrupt the self-tolerance mechanism of the immune system, thus triggering autoimmune conditions. Several studies have recently documented the presence of autoantibodies in the sera of post-COVID patients, but until now, it is unclear whether the persistence of symptoms could be directly correlated with the presence of autoantibodies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, serum autoantibodies (AAbs) levels against four G protein-coupled receptors in 78 patients with post-COVID syndrome have been analyzed. The AAbs investigated are clustered in two groups: adrenergic receptors (α1 and ß2) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3 and M4). RESULTS: At least one or more AAbs were detected in 60.3% (47/78) of patients diagnosed with post-COVID syndrome, whereas 37.2% (29/78) of patients were positive for all receptors investigated. Interestingly, a strong correlation has been found between AAbs and pain intensity feeling by the patients measured by Visual Analogic Scale. A significant association was also obtained with insomnia and AABS-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of AAbs and their correlation with pathological symptoms seriousness underly the possible role of AAbs as future therapeutic targets.

Unleashing the potential of biotechnology for sustainable development.

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) strive to eliminate poverty, preserve the planet, and promote shared prosperity through sustainable and inclusive means by 2030. This requires the implementation of a diverse set of strategies to overcome challenges and foster synergies among different SDG targets, facilitating the achievement of these ambitious goals. The aim of this review is to highlight the world's progress toward SDGs with the utilization of biotechnological advancements, including targets, strategies, synergies, and challenges. We scrutinized published research articles in peer-reviewed journals, UN reports, and scientific books that were relevant to the current topic. We identified some major challenges faced by the countries, especially developing ones, in the way of sustainable progress. These include inadequate governance, fragile states, armed conflicts, rising inequality, limited economic progress, climate change, environmental degradation, and food insecurity. Biotechnological advancements contribute to sustainable resource management, environmental conservation, and ecosystem restoration. Collaboration among countries and organizations is crucial for sharing knowledge and providing technical and financial assistance to developing nations.

Serum proteomic profiling reveals potential inflammatory biomarkers in long-COVID patients: a comparative analysis with healthy controls.

OBJECTIVE: The highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 was responsible for the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 mostly affects the respiratory system; however, this infection also affects several other organs. In addition, the sequelae of this disease affect patients for several months after recovery, resulting in long-COVID syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In order to characterize the differences between healthy control individuals and long-COVID patients, proteomic profiling of the serum of both groups was performed by mass spectrometry. The obtained data were analyzed with multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. RESULTS: Initially, performing a partial latent square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) made it possible to identify thirty-three proteins of interest, which were then subjected to a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Four proteins were identified as potential stand-alone biomarkers: Sirtuin 1, Natriuretic Peptide B, Hemopexin, and Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase. Moreover, a multivariate ROC analysis identified a panel of biomarkers composed of Natriuretic Peptide B, Anterior Gradient 2 Protein, Adiponectin, Endothelin Converting Enzyme 1, Interferon Induced Transmembrane Protein 1, Mannose Binding Lectin 2, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2, Pirin, Prostaglandin Reductase 1 and Cystatin C. CONCLUSIONS: The identified biomarkers are associated with inflammatory processes, corroborating literature evidence that long-COVID patients develop an inflammatory state that damages many tissues. Nevertheless, these data should be validated in a larger cohort.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in thyroid cancer.

Background: Thyroid cancer, a heterogeneous disease originating from the thyroid gland, stands as the predominant endocrine malignan-cy worldwide. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, some patients still experience recurrence and mortality, which highlights the need for more personalized approaches to treatment. Omics sciences, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, offer a high-throughput and impartial methodology for investigating the molecular signatures of thyroid cancer. Methods: In the course of this review, we have adopted a focu-sed research strategy, meticulously selecting the most pertinent and emblematic articles related to the topic. Our methodology included a systematic examination of the scientific literature to guarantee a thorough and precise synthesis of the existing sources. Results: These techniques enable the identification of molecular markers that can aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection. As an illustration, through genomics studies, numerous genetic alterations commonly discovered in thyroid cancer have been identified, such as mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes. Through transcriptomics studies, distinctively expressed genes in thyroid cancer have been uncovered, playing roles in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. These genes can serve as potential targets for novel therapies. Proteomics studies have unveiled differentially expressed proteins intricately involved in thyroid cancer pathogenesis, presenting promising biomarkers for early detection and disease progression monitoring. Metabolomics studies have identified alterations in metabolic pathways linked to thyroid cancer, offering promising avenues for potential therapeutic targets. Conclusions: Precision medicine in thyroid cancer involves the integration of omics sciences with clinical data to develop personalized treatment plans for patients. Employing targeted therapies guided by molecular markers has exhibited promising outcomes in enhancing the prognosis of thyroid cancer patients. Notably, those with advanced hyroid cancer carrying BRAF mutations have displayed substantial responses to specific targeted therapies, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in Urothelial Carcinoma.

Abstract: This comprehensive review explores the potential of omics sciences - such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics - in advancing the diagnosis and therapy of urothelial carcinoma (UC), a prevalent and heterogeneous cancer affecting the urinary tract. The article emphasizes the significant advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying UC development and progression, obtained through the application of omics approa-ches. Genomic studies have identified recurrent genetic alterations in UC, while transcriptomic analyses have revealed distinct gene expression profiles associated with different UC subtypes. Proteomic investigations have recognized protein biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic potential, and metabolomic profiling has found metabolic alterations that are specific to UC. The integration of multi-omics data holds promises in refining UC subtyping, identifying therapeutic targets, and predicting treatment response. However, challenges like the standardization of omics technologies, validation of biomarkers, and ethical considerations need to be addressed to successfully translate these findings into clinical practice. Omics sciences offer tremendous potential in revolutionizing the diagnosis and therapy of UC, enabling more precise diagnostic methods, prognostic evaluations, and personalized treatment selection for UC patients. Future research efforts should focus on overcoming these challenges and translating omics discoveries into meaningful clinical applications to improve outcomes for UC patients.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in melanoma.

Background: This article provides an overview of the application of omics sciences in melanoma research. The name omics sciences refers to the large-scale analysis of biological molecules like DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites. Methods: In the course of this review, we have adopted a focu-sed research strategy, meticulously selecting the most pertinent and emblematic articles related to the topic. Our methodology included a systematic examination of the scientific literature to guarantee a thorough and precise synthesis of the existing sources. Results: With the advent of high-throughput technologies, omics have become an essential tool for understanding the complexity of melanoma. In this article, we discuss the different omics approaches used in melanoma research, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. We also highlight the major findings and insights gained from these studies, including the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in omics-based melanoma research, including the integration of multiple omics data and the development of personalized medicine approaches. Conclusions: Overall, this article emphasizes the importance of omics science in advancing our understanding of melanoma and its potential for improving patient outcomes.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in prostate cancer.

Abstract: In the last decade, Prostate Cancer (PCa) has emerged as the second most prevalent and serious medical condition, and is considered one of the leading factors contributing to global mortality rates. Several factors (genetic as well as environmental) contribute to its development and seriousness. Since the disease is usually asymptomatic at early stages, it is typically misdiagnosed or over-diagnosed by the diagnostic procedures currently in use, leading to improper treatment. Effective biomarkers and diagnostic techniques are desperately needed in clinical settings for better management of PCa patients. Studies integrating omics sciences have shown that the accuracy and dependability of diagnostic and prognostic evaluations have increased because of the use of omics data; also, the treatment plans using omics can be facilitated by personalized medicine. The present review emphasizes innovative multi-omics methodologies, encompassing proteomics, genomics, microbiomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics, with the aim of comprehending the molecular alterations that trigger and contribute to PCa. The review shows how early genomic and transcriptomic research has made it possible to identify PCa-related genes that are controlled by tumor-relevant signaling pathways. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses have recently been integrated, advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms at play, the multiple levels of regulation, and how they interact. By applying the omics approach, new vulnerabilities may be discovered, and customized treatments with improved efficacy will soon be accessible.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in kidney cancer.

Abstract: In the last decade, renal carcinoma has become more prevalent in European and North American regions. Kidney tumors are usually categorized based on histological features, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common subtype in adults. Despite conventional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, a rise in cancer incidence and recurrence necessitates a fresh approach to diagnosing and treating kidney cancer. This review focuses on novel multi-omics approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, to better understand the molecular and clinical features of renal cell carcinoma. Studies integrating omics sciences have shown early promise in enhancing prognostic and therapeutic outcomes for various kidney cancer subtypes and providing insight into fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at different molecular levels. This review highlights the importance of utilizing omics sciences as a revolutionary concept in diagnostics and therapeutics and the clinical implications of renal cell carcinoma. Finally, the review presents the most recent findings from large-scale multi-omics studies on renal cell carcinoma and its associations with patient subtyping and drug development.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in pancreas cancer.

Abstract: Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, associated with poor prognosis outcomes and late treatment interventions. The pathological nature and extreme tissue heterogeneity of this disease has hampered all efforts to correctly diagnose and treat it. Omics sciences and precision medicine have revolutionized our understanding of pan-creatic cancer, providing a new hope for patients suffering from this devastating disease. By analyzing large-scale biological data sets and developing personalized treatment strategies, researchers and clinicians are working together to improve patient outcomes and ultimately find a cure for pancreatic cancer.

Effects of Carob Extract on the Intestinal Microbiome and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract: The legume tree known as carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and over the centuries its pods had been traditionally used mostly as animal feed. However, it has gained great attention in human nutrition due to the molecular compounds it contains, which could offer many potential health benefits: for example, carob is renowned for its high content of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, in traditional medicine it is credited with the ability to control glucose metabolism and gut microbiome. Modern science has also extensively acknowledged the numerous health advantages deriving from its consumption, including its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Due to its abundant contents of pectin, gums, and polyphenols (such as pinitol), carob has garnered significant attention as a well-researched plant with remarkable therapeutic properties. Notably, carob is extensively used in the production of semi-finished pastry products, particularly in ice cream and other creams (especially as a substitute for cocoa/chocolate): these applications indeed facilitate the exploration of its positive effects on glucose metabolism. Our study aimed at examining the effects of carob extract on intestinal microbiota and glucose metabolism. In this review, we conducted a thorough examination, comprising in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials to appraise the consequences on human health of polyphenols and pectin from different carob species, including recently discovered ones with high polyphenol contents. Our goal was to learn more about the mechanisms through which carob extract can support a balanced gut flora and improve one's glucose metabolism. These results could influence the creation of novel functional foods and dietary supplements, to help with the management and prevention of chronic illnesses like diabetes and obesity.